Malware
Malware is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to, gain unauthorized access to, or disrupt computer systems, networks, or devices.
Malware, short for malicious software, is a broad term encompassing any software created to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise computer systems without the user's consent. Malware is one of the most persistent and diverse threats in cybersecurity, evolving constantly to evade detection and maximize impact. It can target individuals, organizations, and even critical infrastructure, making it a concern at every level of cybersecurity.
Malware comes in many forms, each designed for specific purposes. Viruses attach to legitimate programs and spread when executed. Worms self-replicate across networks without requiring user interaction. Trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software to trick users into installing them. Ransomware encrypts files and demands payment for decryption keys. Spyware silently collects information about users. Adware displays unwanted advertisements. Rootkits hide deep within the operating system to maintain persistent, undetected access. Keyloggers record keystrokes to capture passwords and sensitive data. Botnets are networks of compromised devices controlled remotely by attackers.
Malware distribution methods include phishing emails with malicious attachments or links, drive-by downloads from compromised websites, infected USB drives, supply chain attacks where legitimate software updates are trojanized, and exploitation of unpatched vulnerabilities. Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) platforms have lowered the barrier to entry, allowing less technically skilled criminals to deploy sophisticated malware.
Defense against malware requires multiple layers of protection. Endpoint protection platforms (EPP) and endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions use signature-based detection, heuristic analysis, and behavioral monitoring to identify and block malware. Network security tools inspect traffic for malicious patterns. Email security gateways filter malicious attachments and links. Regular patching eliminates the vulnerabilities that malware exploits. User education helps prevent social engineering-based delivery. Sandboxing technology allows suspicious files to be executed in isolated environments for safe analysis.